Virtual audits of the urban streetscape: comparing the inter-rater reliability of GigaPan® to Google Street View

Table 2 Land use features for street segments

Features	N	PR		PA		Cohen’s kappa				PABAK
Features	N	GP	GSV	GP (%)	GSV (%)	GP	95% CI	GSV	95% CI	GP	95% CI	GSV	95% CI
Detached housing	106	0.50	0.59	74	76	0.58	[0.44, 0.71]	0.64	[0.52, 0.77]	0.60	[0.48, 0.73]	0.65	[0.52, 0.77]
Institutional	106	0.13	0.18	90	91	0.54	[0.30, 0.79]	0.69	[0.52, 0.87]	0.84	[0.76, 0.93]	0.86	[0.77, 0.94]
Broken/boarded windows*	105	0.22	0.35	81	80	0.45	[0.25, 0.65]	0.56	[0.39, 0.73]	0.62	[0.47, 0.77]	0.60	[0.44, 0.76]
Attached housing	105	0.20	0.30	80	77	0.41	[0.21, 0.60]	0.50	[0.38, 0.58]	0.70	[0.58, 0.82]	0.66	[0.53, 0.78]
Trees that shade sidewalk	105	0.17	0.32	82	67	0.37	[0.17, 0.57]	0.31	[0.17, 0.46]	0.73	[0.62, 0.84]	0.50	[0.36, 0.64]
Amount of street trees	106	0.38	0.45	63	59	0.33	[0.18, 0.48]	0.33	[0.20, 0.47]	0.45	[0.31, 0.59]	0.39	[0.25, 0.53]
Bars on the windows*	105	0.19	0.20	76	82	0.26	[0.08, 0.45]	0.43	[0.22, 0.64]	0.52	[0.36, 0.69]	0.64	[0.49, 0.79]
Slope of the segment	106	0.17	0.14	75	83	0.19	[0.01, 0.38]	0.30	[0.09, 0.52]	0.63	[0.51, 0.76]	0.75	[0.64, 0.85]
Vacant building/Lot	106	0.30	0.45	58	57	0.13	[0.06, 0.27]	0.25	[0.10, 0.40]	0.38	[0.23, 0.52]	0.35	[0.21, 0.49]
Housing apartments	106	0.16	0.20	75	75	0.15	[−0.02, 0.33]	0.24	[0.06, 0.41]	0.63	[0.51, 0.76]	0.62	[0.49, 0.74]

PR average prevalence, PA percent agreement, GP GigaPan®, GSV Google Street View, CI confidence interval, PABAK prevalence-adjusted bias-adjusted kappa. An * denotes the variable was dichotomous. All other variables not denoted with * were recoded to be dichotomous solely when calculating prevalence. Significant differences across audit tools are italicized.

ISSN: 1476-072X