Table 1 PICOS framework with inclusion and exclusion criteria

Population

Adults defined as any population aged ≥ 18 years

No restriction for gender

Population aged < 18 years

Disease-specific groups

Intervention

Exposure to Immersive Virtual Environment (IVE)

Studies focused on non-relevant disciplines

Studies in which participants had no physical movement

Comparison

Real vs VR where applicable

Comparing VR types (i.e., HMD and CAVE)

Outcomes

Reporting at least one environmental attribute investigated in relation to walking/cycling

Objective and subjective outcome measurement

Additional outcome(s): health-related quality of life

Optimizing VR methodology/software

Study design

Experimental designs